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 ESH
| 开发商: |
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容积率: |
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| 地址: |
Phoenix, AZ |
建筑面积: |
245 sq. meters |
| 竣工日期: |
January 1995 |
高度: |
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| 能源利用: |
The ESH is oriented on an east-west axis, minimizing exposure to low sun angles, while opening to the south for winter sunlight and to the north for cool daylighting, with internal loading of rooms.
Exterior walls are highly insulated but also relatively high-mass. Specially designed 8 in.-thick (200 mm) concrete masonry units filled with polyurethane insulation have an insulating value of R-24 (RSI-4.2). Frame walls and ceilings insulated with cellulose have R-21 (RSI-3.7) and R-38 (RSI-6.7) values, respectively. The garage has a cementitious foam insulation with a value of R-40 (RSI-7). The concrete slab has a two-foot strip of rigid insulation around the perimeter. Ultra-high-performance wood windows have a center-of-glass value of R-8 (RSI-1.4) and an overall unit performance of R-4 (RSI-0.7). Doors are polyurethane-insulated, thermally broken steel with tight seals for an R-11 (RSI-1.9) value. The overall glass area was reduced to 17% of the floor area to further reduce energy consumption.
Natural ventilation is achieved through a narrow profile of the home, and the creation of a thermal chimney. Operable windows on both sides of the house allow breezes to blow through, while operable clerestory windows vent warm air that rises. The walls and other obstructions are designed to minimize drag and eddies, resulting in breezes inside the house, despite often calm winds.
Natural daylighting is introduced with a minimum of solar heat gain. Every habitable space has daylight from two sides, and it is possible to read a book anywhere in the house during daylight hours without electric light. Clerestory windows gather north light and transmit it into living area. Clerestories are shaded from late afternoon sun by a series of "sun sponges" (vertical translucent banners) that absorb and redirect rays in the summer into the clerestory without excess heat gain. Light entering the living area is reflected evenly by a mechanical plenum spline covered in white gypsum board. South windows allow in winter light and sun. Landscape materials also shade the west and south. In desert climates both walls and windows must be shaded to minimize heat gain.
The primary heating and air conditioning system is a triple-function (cooling, heating, and domestic hot water) heat pump.
A solar water heating system provides nearly 100% of the hot water needs, saving 2000 kWh per year. It operates by "geyser pumping action," with the solar collector heating a water/alcohol solution and sending it to a heat exchanger, where it gives up its heat to potable water, thus obviating the need for a pump.
The pool’s heating system uses six simple, unglazed solar collector panels on the roof, extending the swimming season by 3-4 months, while a safety pool cover extends it another 2 months and reduces heat loss and evaporation. |
| 选址和节水方案: |
Materials were selected based on energy efficiency, resource efficiency, occupant and public health, economic and functional issues, and manufacturer’s responsibility (including locality of resources and manufacturer as well as in-house environmental programs).
Through the use of a recycling system built into the kitchen cabinetry and an organic waste composting system near the vegetable garden, waste volumes at ESH were reduced to 25% those of a typical house.
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| 室内环境品质: |
The ESH is uniquely suited to the Southwestern desert climate—specifically the "low" desert, where heat mitigation is the most important goal for a significant portion of the year.
The ESH saves an estimated 55% in water use over a typical home through demand reduction, water management, rainwater harvesting, and graywater reuse. Indoor water systems in the ESH reduce water use over a typical house by 43%. With the graywater system, no municipal water is needed for landscape uses at the ESH.
The ESH limits water use by installation of low-flow fixtures and appliances.
The house has a precisely designed, drought-tolerant landscape, made of primarily native species and carefully selected naturalized species. The landscape, including the small portion of lawn, is watered with a precisely controlled evaporation-limiting subsurface irrigation system that is programmed to slowly wean the desert-adapted plants off the system over a period of 5 years, after which they can subsist on rainwater only. The lawn is sized and shaped to be watered only by the recovered rainwater and graywater.
The ESH harvests rainwater, gathering and storing rainfall from catchments into an underground tank for landscape irrigation. The ESH also collects graywater from bathtubs, bath sinks, and laundry rooms, then uses it together with the harvested rainwater for landscape purposes. When neither is available, the system can also automatically switch to city potable water, to meet needs.
The ESH minimizes water need with a sophisticated control system that uses sensors to monitor soil moisture conditions, recent rainfall amounts, and evaporation rates before watering. It can also detect leaks in the system and alert the owners for maintenance.
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| 材料选择: |
Natural ventilation was achieved through operable windows and operable clerestory windows, allowing both cross-ventilation and a thermal chimney effect. Sun control and daylighting were optimized.
Materials, especially for cabinetry and furnishings, were chosen to avoid harmful chemicals in production, reduce harmful offgassing when installed, and avoid harmful chemicals in maintenance, disposal, and reuse. Less than 25% of the ESH is carpeted, and even this area was laid without adhesives; in addition, the carpet pad is natural jute with a nontoxic binder. All of the paint used throughout the house is free of VOCs.
A passive radon-gas mitigation system uses perforated drain pipe laid among other plumbing pipe in the gravel subgrade below the slab-on-grade floor of the house. |
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