转载请联系：editor#topenergy.org（请将#改为@）
3.1 Section Summary
3.1 章节总结
Having assessed the site and decided on a preferred option, the next stage is to produce detailed designs. Much of the work will already be available if you have chosen to use ZED standard housetypes, but there will inevitably be additional, site-specific information to include and decisions to agree.
完成对场地的评价并决定下来一个较好的方案后，下一步就是对细节的设计。如果你已经选择使用ZED标准房屋类型，那么很多的工作都已经可用了，但是还是些不可避免地有一些与特定地点有关的信息和决策需要满足。
This section provides guidance on:
本章将针对对下列问题提供指导：
Further design of the chosen scenario to provide detailed master plan proposals for amenities (schools, hospitals, transport, shops) and work places (offices, live/work units, light industry) that will be provided as part of the ZED development (section 3.2)
更深入的整体设计，对生活便利设施（学校，医院，交通，商店）和将要被作为ZED发展的一部分的工作区域（办公室，活动和工作单元，轻工业）提供细致的总体规划的提议（3.2 章）
The carbon neutral strategy behind ZEDs. The underlying building physics model and Mechanical & Electrical (M&E)systems are explained (section 3.3)
ZED的 碳中和方法，解释了根本的建筑物理模型和机电系统 （3.3 章）
The ZED performance specification, which is set to meet the Housing Corporation’s Standard Development Scheme (SDS) (section 3.4), building regulations and other standards.
ZED的性能规范要求满足the Housing Corporation’s Standard Development Scheme (SDS)，建筑准则和其他标准的要求。
3.2 Detailed master planning
细致的总体规划
The approach set out in section 2 results in a chosen option for the outline master plan. The plan will be based on broad estimates of the residential, commercial and office density for the development, and a view on the type of energy to be used.
总结在第2章节里提到的方法可以提出一个总体规划的概况。这个规划将在对发展的居住，商业和办公建筑密度和能源形式运用的广泛估计的基础上建立。
During site appraisal, partners will also have decided the amenities to be provided. The ZED approach allows space for community facilities such as a doctor’s surgery, a nursery school and sport’s hall and pitch, which can all be accommodated on a relatively small site. For example, BedZED included space for all these amenities on 1.65ha, together with 82 low-rise homes, and 2500m2 low-rise office/workspace.
在场地评估中，合作者也要对所要提供的生活便利设施进行裁决。ZED方法允许建造社区活动设施，例如医生的诊疗室，护士学校，运动场馆等，这些活动设施可以被容纳在相对较小的场地。例如， BedZED 在82户低层住宅和2500平米的低层办公区里，就包括1.65ha（？）这样的生活便利设施。
On larger sites or where there is a community need, other amenities such as hospitals and schools may be required, or may already exist. The graphics (page 24) show how additional facilities can be successfully integrated into a sustainable development, whilst maintaining appropriate human scale and cohesive townscaping. Other detailed design considerations:
在更大的场地或是社区需要的地方，也许需要或者已经存在了像医院，学校等这样的设施。图（24页）展示了附加的设施怎样能成功地集成，实现可持续发展，同时还能却保适宜的人口规模和城市比例。其他的细部设计包括；
The source of energy for heating and power depends on overall community use. The addition of a school may make the case for, say, a CHP instead of a community wood-fired boiler. CHPs work best when there is a balanced load between daytime and night time use, as there is with a school or live-work units.
供热和电能的来源取决于社区的总能耗。额外的学校也许应该使用，例如CHP方式，而不是一个社区烧木的锅炉。当平衡白天和夜晚的使用量时，CHP是最好的选择，因为这里有一个学校或是（live-work）单元。
Understanding and refining the way people will use the development. Defining the ‘space syntax’ will produce, for example, pedestrian walkways that not only feel secure but are well used. ZEDs encourage less car use if it is planned in from the start so that people find they do not need to use their cars. Organised car-share schemes, internet deliveries and local farm shops are some ways of reducing car dependency. If not considered, car use can overwhelm the community layout and squander planned CO2 emission savings.
理解和分析总结人们将使用社区的方式。例如，定义“空间句法”也许可以提供不仅仅是安全的而且要使用得当的行人路线。ZED鼓励减少车辆的使用，如果是从开始设计的，这样人们发现他们不需要使用他们的车。组织公用汽车方案，网络传递的人和当地农产品商店是减少车的使用量的方法。如果不考虑这些，社区将难以承受过多的车辆，而且浪费计划节省的CO2排放量。
Detailed layout of homes and workspace – see pages 54-69.
详细的规划居住和办公空间- 见54-69页
Good design
良好的设计
Good design is another important part of getting the detailed master plan right. ‘Good design’ is subjective, but as CABE (the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment) guidance shows, there is general agreement on may aspects, including:
良好的设计是另一个获得完美总体规划的重要部分。虽然‘良好的设计’是主观的，但像CABE （the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment）指南表明的那样，在许多方面有一些共识这包括：
Making the buildings complementary to the surroundings. This does not imply copying vernacular architecture, but rather that new buildings should be in keeping with it. ZEDs, for instance, use whatever local materials are available for cladding (e.g. local bricks, painted render or timber cladding)
使建筑物成为周围环境的补充。这并不意味着要抄袭传统建筑，而是使新建筑与之和谐。例如，ZED使用任何可以利用的当地材料来做覆面（例如，当地的砖石，粉刷和木质覆面）
Landscaping helps to visually interconnect separate buildings and merge them with the surroundings. Well arranged and accessible green spaces, both private and public, allow people to relax and appreciate the environment. ZEDs are designed to increase the available green space and to maintain the biodiversity of the area.
景观可以在视觉上帮助联系相对独立的建筑并使他们融入环境中。设计合理的而易接近的绿色公共空间和私有空间使得人们放松和享受环境。ZED 就是要增加绿色空间和维护地区的生物多样性。
A suitable scale and type of development create a ‘look and feel’ which lifts the surrounding environment.
合适的比例和发展的类型，产生了一个可以提高了对周围环境的‘视觉和感知’效果。
3.3 Carbon neutral strategy
3.3 碳中和方法
A Zero fossil Energy Development (ZED) is an innovative response to the UK challenge to radically reduce carbon dioxide emissions and to address other pressing sustainability issues. The ZED strategy is to:
零能源开发（ZED）是英国对从根本上减少二氧化碳排放量和一些其他的可持续发展问题的挑战尔而作出的有建设性的响应。ZED的方法是：
Reduce energy requirements to the point where renewable energy is a viable option for a large part, if not the entire energy supply
如果没有完全的能量供给，减少能量需求,做到可以在大部分地方应用再生能源
Design for a lifestyle which is less dependent on the motor car by developing diverse mixed-uses on site, and by promoting car pools and electric vehicles
通过发展多样的混合使用的场地，和提倡汽车合用组织和电动汽车，使得设计更少的依赖于机动车的生活方式。
Maximize the use of local, reclaimed and recycled materials, and use materials with low embodied energy
最大限度的使用当地的，再生的和回收的材料和低体现能的材料。
Reduce mains water consumption by collecting rainwater and recycling grey/black water on site
通过收集雨水和循环使用中/废水，减少管道水源的消耗
Integrate ‘green lifestyle’ services such as recycling and on-site composting; coordinating deliveries of sustainably sourced products and local organic food; and collection of waste.
结合‘绿色生活方式’服务，例如回收和现场堆制肥料，调整传递持续发展的资源产品和当地有机食物和收集的肥料。
To achieve these goals, a ZED uses a combination of thermal mass and building techniques to prevent heat loss. BedZED has been monitored over a year and meter readings show that it only need 12% of the space heating requirements of a home build to conventional 1995 building regulations (or 27% or a 2000 building regulations home). This 12% requirement can be met by a combination of solar gain from a high number of south facing windows and the heat generated by people’s cooking and hot water use. No additional space heating system (e.g. central heating), is required thus reducing overall energy requirements.
为了达到这些目标，ZED 运用蓄热物质和建筑技术的组合来防止热量流失。BedZED 已经被监控了一年多，从读表上看它仅仅需要1995年传统校准住户房间供热的12%（或2000年校准住户的27%）。这个12%的供热需求可以通过由足够多的朝南窗户获取的太阳辐射和由人们烹饪和使用热水时所产生的热量的组合来供给。这样就不再需要额外的供热系统（例如，集中供热）从而从总体上减少了能源消耗。
The two diagrams (above) help to illustrate the concepts behind the detailed design. The first diagram outlines how ZED buildings reduce energy use requirements, while the second (above) details the renewable energy sources that are installed on site along with facilities for water conservation and reuse. Relevant ZEDproducts are highlighted in the following text (and see the ZEDproduct inventory starting on P.58)
上面的两个图表可以帮助解释隐含在细部设计后面的概念。第一个图表概述了ZED建筑是怎样减少能量消耗的，而第二个图表详细说明与水保存与重用的设备相关的可再生能源
在下面的文字叙述了得到强调（另见ZED产品目录58页）。
3.3.1 Reducing energy use – A zero heating specification
3.3.1 减少能量消耗- 零供热要求
Much of what users require form a building can be provided naturally without resorting to complex and costly systems. With the application of advanced engineering analytical techniques these can be fully understood, predicted and designed to achieve maximum advantage. The diagram below is a cross-section of a typical dwelling in a ZED. It illustrates the design elements which together mean that no conventional heating system is required. This reduces their capital, running and maintenance costs.
许多使用者想从建筑中得到的东西都可以以自然的方式获取，而不需要求助于复杂的和昂贵的系统。应用先进的工程学分析技术，这些可以完全被理解，预测和设计，从而收到最佳的效果。下面的图表是一个典型的ZED住宅纵剖面。它展示了这些设计元素组合在一起就不再需要传统的设供热系统。这就降低了造价，使用和维修的费用。
Passive design techniques
被动式设计技术
A ZED uses thermally massive construction techniques which helps to keep the buildings both warm in winter and cool in summer (ZEDproducts B,C,E). This must be complemented by a means of storing low-grade heat until it is required, particularly to avoid the need for early morning boost heating. This is provided by extensive exposed high thermal capacity room surfaces which automatically absorb heat if the room temperature starts to rise, and them release it back if the temperature falls. This is supplemented by windows that users can open and shut.
Orientation
ZED 运用重质结构技术，这种技术可以保持建筑冬暖夏凉（ZED厂品B,C,E）, 在需要时，特别是避免清晨推动热的需要。这种技术必须依靠存储低级废热的方法来做补充，这是通过大面积的裸露的高蓄热房间表面提供的，如果房间的温度开始升高，他们可以吸收热量，而当温度降低时，他们就释放热量。
There should be minimum of over-shading from adjacent buildings to maximize sunlight and solar gain. The buildings need to have extensive south facing orientation which provides high passive solar heat gain. North facing windows give good daylight and minimize solar heat gain in workspaces. The development needs to be within 20 degs of due south to obtain enough solar gain.
要最大限度的减少相邻建筑带来的遮挡以争取最多的日照和太阳能。建筑物需要有足够的立面朝南，这样可以获得更多的太阳辐射。面向北的窗户给工作间提供了很好的日光和最小的太阳能辐射。建筑需要在正南向20度以内，以获得足够多的太阳辐射。
|
新闻来源:Topenergy绿色建筑论坛 阅读次数:7066 
[
[
[
[
[
[